Hofstadter describes ambigrams as "calligraphic designs that manage to squeeze in two different readings." "The essence is imbuing a single written form with ambiguity". The word ambigram was coined in 1983 by Douglas Hofstadter, an American scholar of cognitive science, best known as the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of the book Gödel, Escher, Bach.
Drawing symmetrical words constitutes also a recreational activity for amateurs.
It is a recent interdisciplinary concept, combining art, literature, mathematics, cognition, and optical illusions. "Half-turn" ambigrams undergo a point reflection (180° rotational symmetry) and can be read upside down, mirror ambigrams have an axial symmetry and can be read through a reflective surface (like a mirror or a mirroring lake), and many other types of ambigrams exist.Īmbigrams are found in different languages, various alphabets and the notion often extends to numbers and other symbols. When flipped, they remain unchanged, or they mutate to reveal another meaning. Most often, ambigrams appear as visually symmetrical words. The term was coined by Douglas Hofstadter in 1983. 180° rotational symmetryĪn ambigram is a calligraphic design that has several interpretations as written. When it is time to change colors, the tattoo needles are rinsed in a cup of water, and then re-dipped into the new color.īelow are the tattoo suppliers from India we do business with.Ambigram of the word ambigram. It is much like a paintbrush being dipped into the paint. The needles are dipped into ink caps of the color desired. It is just an on/off mechanism, though, and not pressure sensitive like a car gas pedal. This is stepped on to make the tattoo machine run, and released to have it stop. The power source also makes sure that the tattoo machine gets an even measure of power, so that the tattoo quality is consistent.Ī foot pedal that stays on the ground also plugs into the power source. The power source has a dial on it that allows the tattoo artist to adjust the amount of power that the tattoo machine gets. This power source then plugs into an electric outlet (or in some rare occasions, a battery pack). The shader is used to fill in larger areas of skin, and needs the larger coils with more power to do so.Ī power chord attaches to the tattoo machine and into a power source. Most liners can handle needles as small as one needle, or as many as ten. It is used to do linework and small details.
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The liner, as a machine, brings the needles up and down into the skin which perforates it, and deposits ink into the said perforations. The needles stick out of the tip of the tubes that attaches to the tattoo machine. The liner is used to hold only liner needles, which are needle bars with only small amounts of needles attached into a tight group at the end of the needle bar. The shader is made to be held a little more angled, and has larger coils. There are minor differences in how they are built, with the liner having smaller coils, and a more upright position. These are pretty much dedicated to what their names imply, with little variation. There are two types of tattoo machines, a liner and a shader. The tube end that connect to the tattoo machine is always the same size so that they are interchangeable. The tubes can come in many different sizes in relation to the tip where the needles are held being very small to extremely large. These tubes do not actually touch the customers skin, but ink and blood do come in contact with them, which is why they can be released from the rest of the machine and autoclaved. These tubes are almost always stainless steel, with the hand grips the same, or a hard plastic. The tubes also have a hand grip on them, which is where the tattoo artist holds the tattoo machine. The parts of a tattoo machine are the frame with attached pieces, the tubes which can be removed for sterilization for each tattoo, and the needles that are inserted into the tubes and stick out the tubes opening at the end. It is important to make sure you have the right tools before attempting something as permanent as a tattoo.
All tattoo equipment is not the same, not in quality, price or purpose.
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